One rule does not fit it all: Patterns and drivers of stakeholders perspectives of the endangered Iberian wolf

摘要: Abstract Public attitudes are vital for the successful implementation of management strategies and conservation programs. However, contradictory interests among different stakeholders can create important setbacks, creating barriers to achieve goals. The endangered Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) occupies now only 20 % its historical distribution area, in Portugal, reduction was mostly due direct human persecution. Here, we assessed locals’ towards northeast a region where humans wolves coexist centuries. A total 323 questionnaires from three interest groups (general public, livestock owners hunters) were analysed. We tested differences attitude fear level patterns between what socio-demographic factors could be influencing detected patterns. found that general this carnivore neutral positive, probably owing low levels predation long coexistence with local populations. most drivers differed groups. Education, knowledge, strong predictors explaining species. stress importance assessing identifying socio-psychological as necessary tools facilitate development targeted tolerance-promoting strategies. Among other instruments, increasing tolerance toward achieved by target education interventions, actively take part discussions accommodate their needs expectation, rather than listeners implemented