Parameterization and Micrometeorological Measurement of Air–Sea Gas Transfer

摘要: Because of the combination smallconcentrations and/or small fluxes, determinationof air–sea gas fluxes presents unusual measurementdifficulties. Direct measurements (i.e., eddycorrelation) are rarely attempted. Inthe last decade, there has been an intense scientificeffort to improve measurement techniques and placebulk parameterizations transfer on firmertheoretical grounds. Oceanic tracer experiments,near-surface mean concentration profiles, eddyaccumulation, direct eddy covariance methods haveall used. Theoretical efforts have focusedprimarily in realm characterizing transferproperties oceanic molecular sublayer. Recentmajor field organized by U.S.A. (GASEX-98) andthe European Union (ASGAMAGE) yielded atmospheric-derivedresults much closer those from oceanographicmethods. In this paper, we review physical basisof a bulk-to-bulk parameterization thatis generalized for solubility Schmidt number. Wealso discuss various aspects recent sensor andtechnique developments used measurementsand demonstrate experimental progress with resultsfrom ASGAMAGE GASEX-98. It is clear that sensornoise, sensitivity, cross talk other speciesand even ship motion corrections still need improvement foraccurate trace exchange over theocean. Significant work remains resolve issuesassociated effects waves, bubbles, andsurface films.