Field studies in absentia: counting and monitoring from a distance as technologies of government in Norwegian wolf management (1960s-2010s).

摘要: The article investigates how national and international measures to protect wolves turned the whole of Norway into a field study for wildlife biologists, extensiveness this “field” prompted transformation in methods employed count monitor wolves. As it was not possible conduct traditional studies throughout Norway, biologists constructed an extensive infrastructure, which I have termed “counting complex,” order from distance. identifies three decisive periods construction complex: 1960s, 1980s, first decade new millennium. During two periods, used infrastructure mobilize ordinary people’s observations; they did by searching through newspaper notes, then enrolling people more directly local committees game management. However, public’s observations often out be unreliable, and, 2000s, molecular helped incorporate genetic techniques counting complex. By using wolf scat, rather than observations, constructing DNA profiles individual wolves, enabled research that “nationwide absentia.” argues biologists’ main motive refining complex make amenable government, as considered vital premise successful practice protecting increased intensity monitoring last period, however, also driven conventions detailed regulations.