Mechanisms of differential survival and growth of two species of Littorina on wave-exposed and on protected shores

摘要: Abstract Gastropods from wave-exposed shores are typically smaller and thinner-shelled with a larger foot than gastropods protected shores. We investigated the value of these adaptations by comparing survival growth one exposed shore species Littorina transplanted to Adult snails on heavy surf had reduced winter rates low over-winter rates. Demographic studies showed that few adults survived at most sites; recruitment following year's population was primarily small juveniles overwintered between barnacles within algae. The slightly lower also more susceptible dislodgement in flow tank. may explain why large, late-maturing, does not occur moderate survival. very poorly shores, part because predation crabs. In laboratory experiments thin-shelled significantly preferred crabs withstood less force. size, thin shell, large shell aperture makes it vulnerable