作者: John R. L. Allen
DOI:
关键词: Bedform 、 Settling 、 Mechanics 、 Gravity current 、 Geotechnical engineering 、 Drag 、 Sediment transport 、 Laminar sublayer 、 Fluid dynamics 、 Geography 、 Wind wave
摘要: 1 Concepts and rules of the game.- 1.1 Matter influences.- 1.2 Flow rate.- 1.3 Law continuity (conservation mass).- 1.4 conservation Momentum.- 1.5 energy.- 1.6 Energy losses during fluid flow.- 1.7 Newton's laws motion.- 1.8 Fluid viscosity.- 1.9 Boundary layers.- 1.10 separation.- 1.11 Applying concepts rules.- Readings.- 2 Pressed down running over.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Particle composition density.- 2.3 How big is a particle?.- 2.4 What form has 2.5 close packing?.- 2.6 Kinds packing.- 2.7 Voids.- 2.8 Controls on 2.9 steep heap?.- 2.10 Building houses sand.- 3 Sink or swim?.- 3.1 Two introductory experiments.- 3.2 Settling spherical particles arrayed in stagnant fluid.- 3.3 fluidization.- 3.4 porous media.- 3.5 permeability.- 3.6 solitary particle 3.7 non-spherical 4 Sliding, rolling, leaping making sand waves.- 4.1 Some field observations.- 4.2 Setting 4.3 Defining rate sediment transport.- 4.4 Physical implications 4.5 Sediment transport modes.- 4.6 Appearance internal structure bedforms.- 4.7 do bedforms move?.- 4.8 Bedforms flow conditions.- 4.9 Making wavy beds.- 4.10 A wave theory 5 Winding to sea.- 5.1 5.2 Drag force mean velocity river.- 5.3 power channelized currents.- 5.4 Why channel?.- 5.5 Width: depth ratio river channels.- 5.6 Long profiles rivers.- 5.7 An experimental interlude.- 5.8 channel bends.- 5.9 5.10 Migration 5.11 model for point-bar deposits.- 6 Order chaos.- 6.1 6.2 Assessing turbulent flows - how see what measure.- 6.3 Character an ideal eddy.- 6.4 Streaks viscous sublayer.- 6.5 Streak bursting.- 6.6 Large eddies (macroturbulence).- 6.7 Relation small large coherent structures.- 7 matter turbidity.- 7.1 7.2 diffusion suspension.- 7.3 Transport suspension across floodplains.- 7.4 Limitations diffusions models.- 7.5 dynamical 7.6 criterion 8 The banks Limpopo River.- 8.1 8.2 Clay minerals.- 8.3 Deposition muddy sediments.- 8.4 Packing 8.5 Coming unstuck.- 8.6 Erosion 8.7 Drying out.- 9 Creeping, sliding flowing.- 9.1 9.2 Mass movements general.- 9.3 Soil creep.- 9.4 Effective stress strength.- 9.5 Sub-aerial sub-aquatic slides.- 9.6 Debris flows.- 9.7 Mass-movement associations.- 10 Changes state.- 10.1 10.2 experiment.- 10.3 causes changes states?.- 10.4 forces cause deformation?.- 10.5 For long can deformation proceed?.- 10.6 Complex deformations cross-bedded sandstones.- 10.7 Load casts.- 10.8 Convolute lamination.- 10.9 Wrinkle marks.- 10.10 Overturned cross-bedding.- 11 Twisting turning.- 11.1 11.2 Mixing 11.3 Jets.- 11.4 Corkscrew vortices.- 11.5 Horseshoe vortices due bluff bodies.- 11.6 at flute marks, current ripples dunes.- 12 Sudden, strong deep.- 12.1 12.2 gravity current.- 12.3 Difficulties with 12.4 uniform steady 12.5 Shape speed gravity-current head.- 12.6 does nose overhang?.- 12.7 Lobes, clefts sole 12.8 Billows 12.9 Gravity heads slopes.- 12.10 Dissipation sediment-driven 12.11 Sloshing 12.12 Turbidity-current 13 To fro.- 13.1 13.2 wind 13.3 tide.- 13.4 Waves shallow water.- 13.5 deep 13.6 Wave equations.- 13.7 progressive standing 13.8 waves tides.- 13.9 plane 13.10 Sand tidal 13.11 Longshore bars troughs.- 13.12 storm surges back beginning.- Readings.