Risks of fighting in relation to age and territory holding in fallow deer.

摘要: Detailed analysis of the fighting and sparring behaviour male fallow deer (Dama dama) shows that peculiar palms their antlers play a role in normal sparring. Analysis risks involved different techniques (according to force torque, bending stress produced antlers) tendency for best endowed age-class (the "masters") bring large body mass into initiating fights involving most risky technique. The increasing risk when densities grazing does are high zone indicates males' ability assess territory quality. Nonterritorial masters trying intrude another master's ready use technique, whereas holder tries resolve conflict by display alone. structural similarities between using push technique indicate latter mimics former, being means which initia...