The maximum geographic extension of Late Pleistocene Mammuthus primigenius (Proboscidea, Mammalia) and its limiting factors☆

摘要: Abstract The maximum geographic extension of fully developed woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, occurred during the last glacial period (MIS 5d–2), i.e. 110–14 ka interval. mapping species' widest distribution reveals principal barriers to its expansion that were acting independent short term environmental fluctuations. spread M. primigenius was primarily controlled by following trans-regional factors: (A) configuration inland glaciers; (B) high mountain chains; (C) semi-deserts and deserts; (D) marine shorelines at year-round open water surfaces; (E) exposure continental shelf regions; (F) replacement tundra-steppe extended grasslands. Some biogeographic climate-independent; others determined long- or medium-term climatic processes. effect Eurasian North American intra-continental steppes as obstacles migration has not yet been elucidated. verifiable area Late Pleistocene range M. primigenius, based on geomorphological data, comprises approximately 33,301,000 km2 (surface area). When taking geographical a species measure success, mammoth one most successful large herbivores Holarctic Mammoth Fauna.