Evaluation of spot and passive sampling for monitoring, flux estimation and risk assessment of pesticides within the constraints of a typical regulatory monitoring scheme

摘要: In many agricultural catchments of Europe and North America, pesticides occur at generally low concentrations with significant temporal variation. This poses several challenges for both monitoring understanding ecological risks/impacts these chemicals. study aimed to compare the performance passive spot sampling strategies given constraints typical regulatory monitoring. Nine were investigated in a river currently undergoing (River Ugie, Scotland). Within this framework, undertaken understand spatiotemporal occurrence, mass loads risks. All target detected water by strategies. Chlorotoluron was observed be dominant pesticide (maximum: 111.8 ng/l, mean: 9.35 ng/l) 39.24 4.76 ng/l). The annual estimated 2735 g 1837 based on data, respectively. trend suggested that activities primary source compounds variability explained large timing applications rainfall. risk assessment showed chlorotoluron chlorpyrifos posed highest risks 23% samples 36% resulting Risk Quotient greater than 0.1. suggests mitigation measures might need taken reduce input into river. overall comparison two supported hypothesis tends integrate contaminants over period exposure allows quantification contamination concentration. results within context more suitable flux estimation trace which cannot diagnosed determining if long-term average comply specified standards.