DSSCs with ZnO@TiO2 core–shell photoanodes showing improved Voc: Modification of energy gradients and potential barriers with Cd and Mg ion dopants

摘要: Abstract ZnO@TiO2 core–shell nanostructures have been manipulated with metal ion dopants to create DSSC photoanodes reduced charge transfer recombination. ZnO and TiO2 were modified by doping Cd Mg, respectively, resulting in a reduction the band-gap for Cd:ZnO an increase Mg:TiO2. A series of based on or core Mg:TiO2 shell investigated as photoanodes. In another series, materials reversed complete evaluation our hypothesis. The structures nanoparticles, optoelectronic interfacial DSSCs analyzed XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, Mott-Schottky experiment, UV–vis DRS, J–V EIS measurements. power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) these observed depend flat band oxide relative that oxide. Cd:ZnO@Mg:TiO2 Cd:ZnO@TiO2 achieved Voc FF values comparable those anodes. moderate energy gradient high potential barrier resulted longer effective electron lifetimes lower recombination corresponding DSSCs. low PCE registered anodes attributed presence proportion rutile phase, caused sintering at 650 °C dye adsorption result larger particle sizes doping.