The current status of red spruce in the eastern United States: distribution, population trends, and environmental drivers

摘要: Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) was affected by an array of direct (logging, fire, and grazing) indirect human activities (acid deposition) over the past centuries. To adequately assess impacts on red spruce, thus helping frame its restoration potential, requires a clear understanding current status. achieve this, Forest Inventory Analysis data from U.S. Department Agriculture, Service, were analyzed 2,458 plots having one or more trees (≥5 in. diameter at breast height). widespread across Northeast, associating with many tree species. Southward, along Appalachian Chain, became increasingly restricted to high elevations had fewer associates. stands in Southern Appalachians distinctly different those other regions, higher density, basal area, overall importance. No problems detected regeneration ecruitment under climate.