Chapter 3 Effects of Hypoxia on Fish Reproduction and Development

摘要: Hypoxia has a profound effect on fish reproduction and development. Behavioral studies revealed that hypoxia can affect courtship behaviors, mate choice, reproductive efforts in fish. Both laboratory field evidence showed cause major impairments by inhibiting testicular ovarian development, affecting production quality of sperm egg, reducing fertilization hatching success, larval survivorship as well the fitness juveniles. Emerging further does not impair these key processes through general down‐regulation metabolism functions, but so specific hormones, neurotransmitters, receptors along hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad axis certain enzymes controlling steroidogenesis vitellogenesis. In zebrafish, been shown to down‐regulate CYP19 alter ratio testosterone estradiol during early sex leading male‐biased F1 generation. delay embryonic development many species, embryos some species may undergo complete developmental arrest under anoxia. zebrafish embryos, blastomeres were arrested S G2 phases cell cycle Fish developed lost their normal synchronization, abnormalities spinal vascular are commonly observed. Results both higher percentage malformation hypoxic conditions, possibly altering apoptosis. vitro vivo demonstrated expression levels genes directly or indirectly related cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, which underpin fundamental affected hypoxia. Whether inducible factor is involved mediating changes gene observed remains unclear.