Financial opportunity costs and deaths among close kin are independently associated with reproductive timing in a contemporary high-income society

摘要: Evolutionary demography predicts that variation in reproductive timing stems from socio-ecologically contingent trade-offs between current and future reproduction. In contemporary high-income societies, the costs benefits of reproduction are likely to vary by socioeconomic status (SES). Two influential hypotheses, focusing on parenthood 'wage penalty', responses local mortality have separately been proposed influence parenthood. Economic (i.e. income loss) hypothesized delay fertility, especially among high childhood SES individuals who experience greater opportunities build capital through advantageous education career opportunities. On other hand, relatively low higher risk, which may favour earlier Here, we examine both hypotheses with a representative register-based, multigenerational dataset Finland (N = 47 678). Consistent each hypothesis, predicted financial cost early was smaller, close kin for lower SES. Within same dataset, adulthood more deaths were also independently associated Our results provide robust demonstration how economic relate timing. We discuss implications our findings demographic theory public policy.