Using virtual environments to assess time-to-contact judgments from pedestrian viewpoints

摘要: This paper describes the use of desktop and immersive virtual environments to study judgments that pedestrians make when deciding cross a street. In particular, we assess ability people discriminate estimate time-to-contact (TTC) for approaching vehicles under variety conditions. Four experiments observing TTC various conditions are described. We examine effect type vehicle, viewpoint, presentation mode, value on judgments. find no significant vehicle or extending prior work cover all views typically encountered by pedestrians. Discrimination short values is generally consistent with literature, but performance degrades significantly long values. Finally, difference between made in environment versus head-mounted display, indicating tracking one's head does not aid discrimination. general, appear strategies similar those real-world, street-crossing decisions.