Making a Living the Hmong Way: An Actor-Oriented Livelihoods Approach to Everyday Politics and Resistance in Upland Vietnam

摘要: Ethnic minority households in upland northern Vietnam are shaping culturally appropriate rural livelihoods highly pragmatic ways, as they negotiate the everyday realities of economic liberalization, intertwined with centralized and authoritarian socialist political structures. Notions “social interface” from actor-oriented analyses, politics, covert forms resistance provide a heuristic device to understand nuanced decision-making processes underlying such livelihoods. Ethnographic data reveal how Hmong ethnic individuals augment agricultural by navigating new opportunities, while also resisting unwanted reliance on market. Based Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province, research this article identifies three particular diversification strategies—cardamom cultivation, textile trade, tourism trekking—that currently form foremost cash component that otherwise largely subsistence based. Livel...