Member heterogeneity in agricultural cooperatives: A systems-theoretic perspective

摘要: All over the globe, cooperatives are plagued by pervasive member heterogeneity problems that induced radical and dynamic changes in business environment. Most current solutions to these emphasize strengthening loyalty commitment. Yet, many of symptomatic rather than fundamental. Searching for fundamental solutions, this paper draws on Luhmannian system-environment paradigm. Bringing paradigm bear cooperative scholarship, views as operationally closed systems maintaining a precarious relationship their outer environment, which includes members. In view operational closure, tend overstrain carrying capacity environment being active areas marked limited extent true commonness interests. This overstraining results host associated with heterogeneity. The following from require adjustment boundaries goals light evolving range common interests terms methodology, we review extant literature, synthesize main elements approach conduct meta-analysis case studies other empirical research highlight our theoretical arguments.