Fluid venting structures of terrestrial mud volcanoes (Italy) and marine cold seeps (Black Sea) -Organo-geochemical and biological approaches

摘要: Two different fluid venting structures, marine cold seeps of the Black Sea and terrestrial mud volcanoes Italy, were part this thesis. Both formed by expulsion water, gases, which consist mainly methane higher hydrocarbons. The gas acts as substrate for various microorganisms, perform, amongst other, anaerobic oxidation (AOM). AOM is one key process consumption in oceans worldwide. According to phylogenetic metagenomic analyses, mediated consortia oxidizing archaea (ANME) sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). To get a deeper insight into methanotrophic consortia, microbial mats used assign specific enzymes methanogenesis AOM-performing microorganism. By using antibody marker, metabolic activity syntrophic partners could be identified. enzyme methyl coenzyme M reductase (MCR) (reverse) methanogenic pathway was detected on cellular sub-cellular level ANME cells. study confirms assumption reversed methane. Furthermore, trace element concentrations measured derived carbonates test if nickel geochemical indicator or methanogenesis. Nickel MCR cofactor F430 iron sulfide greigite (Fe3S4), can found Sea. results have shown that Ni together with stable carbon isotopic ratios act tracer both recent fossil environments. second my thesis deals Italy. Fluids expelled from type structures analyzed organo-geochemically (lipid biomarkers) geochemically (composition water gas). In general, also release three phase mixture (mainly hydrocarbons), sediment particles source often associated an active petroleum reservoir. Organo-chemical analyzes fluids revealed biological signals are superimposed hydrocarbons originating reservoirs underlying organic-rich geological formations. However, eukaryal, bacterial archaeal organisms found. addition plants, most likely originated surrounding flora soils, dialkyl glycerol diethers (DAGE) putatively sourced sulfate-reducing presence evidenced archaeol hydroxyarchaeol. latter indicative complexity communities very high some microorganisms involved turnover sediments formations biomarker sediments. Therefore, window deep bio- geosphere well situ processes.