‘Black Economic Empowerment’, Business and the State in South Africa

摘要: ‘Black Economic Empowerment’ (BEE) has been a major policy thrust of the democratic governments in South Africa since 1994 attempting to redress effects apartheid. In this article, we explore historical precedents BEE Africa, review different steps taken promoting it, and assess some its outcomes date. We argue that can take only limited forms because economic constraints which it incorporated. Moreover, these have an increasingly managerial logic further restricts what be achieved. Short shift conceptions — for BEE, meaningful ‘empowerment’ is unlikely place.