Bilirubin as a signaling molecule.

摘要: For long time bilirubin was only considered as a potentially dangerous sign of liver diseases, but it now appears clear that is also powerful signaling molecule. Together with potent antioxidant activities were reported in the last few decades, many other biological effects have been clearly described. These include especially profound inhibitory on almost all effectors immune system, their clinical consequences bilirubin-mediated protection against autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Separate from these, activates various nuclear cytoplasmic receptors, resembling endocrine actual hormonal substances. This true for "classical" hepatic including aryl hydrocarbon receptor, or constitutive androstane receptor; some lesser-explored receptors such peroxisome proliferator-activated α γ; Mas-related G protein-coupled molecules fatty acid binding protein 1, apolipoprotein D, reactive oxygen species. All these targets broad metabolic effects, which turn may offer obesity, diabetes mellitus, The (mostly experimental) data are supported by evidence. In fact, three decades convincingly demonstrated protective mildly elevated serum concentrations "diseases civilization." Additionally, even tiny, micromolar changes associated substantial alteration risks It highly likely yet to be exhaustively explored, thus we can expect further discoveries about this evolutionarily old molecule into future.