Expenditures and Effort Associated With Recovery of Breeding Atlantic Coast Piping Plovers

摘要: We calculated expenditures and hours of staff volunteer time dedicated to monitoring managing the United States breeding population Atlantic Coast piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) in 1993 2002 considered implications for recovery this management-dependent species. In 2002, 73 federal, state, local governmental agencies private organizations played key roles conservation efforts at 281 plover sites. Total inflation-adjusted estimated increased by 51% between from US$2.28 million $3.44 million, but annual per-pair declined 4% $2,459 $2,350, paid-staff effort were similar (93 hr/pair 1993, 95 hr 2002). Expenditures on-site management greater than 6 other categories expenses both years 42% 59% total costs 2002. Staff higher sites where more labor-intensive protect recreation human use necessitated accessibility. modest compared those some threatened endangered species large beach-stabilization projects. Our results provide a baseline estimating future protection, including development implementation long-term agreements that will be required remove Endangered Species Act protection. Impediments reducing are species' widespread distribution low densities unrelenting threats posed activities predators. Modest economies scale may achieved through arrangements span multiple landowners include at-risk beach