Recognition, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Different Stages of Nephropathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

摘要: Nephropathy is a common microvascular complication among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and major cause of kidney failure. It characterized by albuminuria (≥300 mg/d) reduced glomerular filtration rate often present at the time diagnosis after has been exposed to chronic hyperglycemia during prediabetic phase. A low ( ) also an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events death. Detection diabetic nephropathy its initial stages provides opportunity early therapeutic interventions prevent or delay onset complications improve outcomes. An intensive multifactorial management approach needed that targets all determinants simultaneously. The strategy should comprise lifestyle modifications (smoking cessation, weight loss, increased physical activity, dietary changes) coupled achievement blood glucose, pressure, lipid goals are evidence-based. Prescribing decisions take into account demographic factors, level impairment, adverse effects, hypoglycemia, tolerability, effects on other factors comorbidities. Regular comprehensive follow-up assessments appropriate adjustment regimen maintain control vital component care, including referral specialists, when required.