Wildlife health and supplemental feeding: A review and management recommendations

摘要: Abstract Humans provide supplemental food to wildlife under many contexts, ranging from professional feeding areas for game species backyard bird feeders. Such resources benefit by providing reliable during periods of shortages, but may also alter the risk pathogen transmission and development disease. While several reviews have summarized detrimental effects on infection risk, we conducted a comprehensive review quantify support mechanisms which intentional influences host condition (i.e. malnutrition stress) global scale framework mitigate these risks. We examined whether purpose feeding, management, conservation, tourism, or in residential areas, influenced health outcomes. found 115 studies that evaluated with supplementary representing 68 35 countries, although nearly half (46% studies) were North America. Supplemental tended increase increasing contact rates between hosts (95%) promoting accumulation at feeders surrounding environment (77%). Provisioned was often source immunosuppressive contaminants (80%). Feeding associated tourism frequently increased stress, injury, prevalence, (85%), while conservation purposes had mostly positive (63%). recommend adopting practices validate nutritional appropriateness feed target species, make available lower densities short unpredictable times places prevent aggregation, avoid migration, pulses new recruits, epidemics. These strategies will help retain recreational management benefits provisioning mitigating negative around world.