Measuring the cost of risk avoidance in brown bears: Further evidence of positive impacts of ecotourism

摘要: The objective of this study was to determine the cost female brown bears with cubs avoiding risk, or perceived from both large adult male and ecotourists. We measured salmon consumption by in British Columbia under different risk scenarios (the presence absence people). Declines occurred despite superabundant food where never limited abundance. While there were significant changes proportion time spent foraging captured fish between periods without ecotourists present, no change effectiveness, catch per unit effort. Selection sub-optimal habitats reduce predation incurs energy costs. Risk avoidance reduced daily females more than one third. By associating people, able avoid encounters large, potentially aggressive males, which avoided people space. Controlled human activity at feeding sites can provide a temporal refuge for vulnerable age/sex classes. This is first quantify energetic intra-specific risk-avoidance carnivore.