摘要: The complexity of actual cause and effect relationships in social life can lead quickly to confused thinking muddled discussions. Helpful here are distinctions that allow one speak about some causes as different from others. Our chapter describes several among we find especially useful for science. First, taking a broad view what “causes” are, discuss issues concerning whether manipulable or preventable. Then, consider the distinction between proximal distal causes, connecting these concepts mediation indirect effects. Next, propose ways related necessary sufficient case-oriented research may be also quantitative on large samples. Afterward, criteria characterizing more important than another. Finally, describe ultimate fundamental which do not concern relationship an explanatory variable outcome so much properties systems concrete causal exist.
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