Pest Management and Ochratoxin A Contamination in Grapes: A Review.

摘要: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most toxic member of ochratoxins, a group secondary metabolites produced by fungi. The relevant species involved in OTA production grapes Aspergillus carbonarius. Berry infection A. carbonarius enhanced damage to skin caused abiotic and biotic factors. Insect pests play major role European vineyards, Lepidopteran such as grapevine moth Lobesia botrana are undoubtedly crucial. New scenarios also emerging due introduction spread allochthonous well climate change. Such may be dissemination producing fungi even if confirmation still lacking further studies needed. An predicting model available, but it should integrated with models aimed at forecasting L. phenology demography order improve reliability.