Large Hind Wings Enhance Gliding Performance in Ground Effect in a Neotropical Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

摘要: Neotropical butterflies in the nymphalid genera Pierella Herrich-Schaffer, 1865 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) and Cithaerias Hubner, 1819 are known to glide near ground level, have a high forewing aspect ratio.The hind wings of proportionately larger than those Cithaerias, suggesting potential role gliding flight. We show that helvina (Hewitson, 1860) is capable for longer periods time pireta (Stoll, 1780) both field laboratory setting. Experimental reduction wing area P. led decrease male performance, an increase female wing-beat frequency. also found escape velocity decreased sexes after reduction, but effect was strongest females. Although increased drag associated with large could be detrimental flight, effectively enhances performance effect.This study first investigate on butterfly performance.