Effects of predator confusion on functional responses.

摘要: When confronted with a swarm of their prey, many predators become confused and are less successful in attacks. To shed light on the ecological, ethological evolutionary consequences predator confusion, we here investigate its effects functional responses. We develop first response model that considers confusion compare it (1) qualitatively as well (2) quantitatively to empirical data from two predator–prey systems, Aeshna cyanea (Odonata)–Daphnia magna (Crustacea) Chaoborus obscuripes (Diptera)–Daphnia obtusa. The qualitative comparisons show that, contrary common belief, does not necessarily lead dome-shaped response. can alternatively remain unchanged be affected only quantitatively. A non-dome-shaped is thus no indication for absence confusion. same true other swarming reducing foraging success, such early warning approaching predators. Our results hence question studies have equated effect. also resolve apparent paradox quite while responses rather uncommon. There good quantitative match between parameterized version our empirically measured Chaoborus-Daphnia system, suggesting all crucial factors this system captured by model.