Multiple Physiological Responses to Multiple Environmental Challenges: An Individual Approach

摘要: The injection of anthropogenically-produced CO2 into the atmosphere will lead to an increase in temperature and a decrease pH at surface oceans by 2100. Marine intertidal organisms possess ability cope short term with environmental fluctuations exceeding predicted values. However, how they chronic exposure elevated pCO2 is virtually unknown. In addition, individuals from same species/population often show remarkable levels variation their responses complex climatic changes: particular, metabolic rates linked differences individuals' performances fitness. Despite its ecological evolutionary importance, inter-individual has rarely been investigated within context changes, most investigations have typically employed orthogonal experimental designs paired analyses independent samples. Although this undoubtedly powerful useful approach, it may not be appropriate for understanding all alterations biological functions response changes. An individual approach arguably should favored when trying describe organisms' change. Consequently, test which had greater power discriminate intensity direction organism's we extracellular osmo/iono-regulatory abilities, upper thermal tolerances (UTTs), adults amphipod, Echinogammarus marinus, exposed 15 days combined pCO2. led stronger different predictions on ectotherms likely respond ongoing change, compared approaches. call question relevance, or even validity, some made date. Finally, argue that treating as biologically meaningful can better physiological themselves selective processes occur changes; selection play crucial role defining species' future Individuals higher were also characterized osmo/iono-regulative abilities UTTs, thus there appeared no trade-offs between these functions. costs maintenance repair, lower fraction energy available growth reproduction, life-history performance still arise.