Pharmacotherapy of Pain in Older Adults: Opioid and Adjuvant

摘要: Opioids are naturally occurring, semisynthetic, and synthetic drugs whose effects mediated through opioid receptors, altering the perception emotional response to painful stimuli [1, 2]. There three major classes of receptors: µ (mu), κ (kappa), δ (delta), with subtypes within each receptor class [3]. Opioid receptors found in periaqueductal grey matter throughout spinal cord, as well nonneural sites such joint synovium intestinal mucosa [1,2].