Mismatch Between Risk and Response May Amplify Lethal and Non-lethal Effects of Humans on Wild Animal Populations

摘要: Human activity has rapidly transformed the planet, leading to declines of animal populations around world through a range direct and indirect pathways. Humans have strong numerical effects on wild populations, as highly efficient hunters unintentional impacts human development. disturbance also induces costly non-lethal by changing behavior risk-averse animals. Here, we suggest that unique strength these lethal is amplified mismatches between nature risk associated with anthropogenic stimuli corresponding response We discuss characteristics cues in context ecology evolutionary history explore why when animals fail appropriately a) detect, b) assess, c) respond both benign stimuli. then costs over-response stimulus (Type I error) under-response II error), which can scale up affect individual fitness ultimately drive population dynamics shape ecological interactions. Finally, highlight avenues for future research conservation measures better align perception mitigate unintended consequences disturbance.