Quantitative and sensitive mapping of imidacloprid on plants using multiphoton electron extraction spectroscopy

摘要: Abstract Neonicotinoids, including imidacloprid, are extensively used for plant protection against insects. Unfortunately, these effective pesticides one of the reasons decline bee population in recent decades. Ensuring application minimal pesticide quantity and preventing excess requires a fast method monitoring coverage on plants. We present new, based multiphoton electron extraction spectroscopy (MEES), detecting, quantifying mapping imidacloprid Imaging quantitative analyses were demonstrated several surfaces olive mint leaves orange peel. Method provides both low detection limits (down to nanogram level) good trueness. This is can be directly performed with no sample pre-treatment, thus, it candidate field analyses.