作者: Feng Long Gu , Yuriko Aoki , Michael Springborg , Bernard Kirtman
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11068-4_3
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摘要: In this chapter we discuss the quantum-mechanical treatment of extended systems exposed to electric fields. Special emphasis is put on that are regular and so large they can be considered as being infinite periodic. Moreover, it demonstrated even linear responses static fields depend surfaces systems, although these need not included directly in calculations. Also perturbation-theoretical treatments non-linear oscillatory discussed. We consider both vector-potential scalar-potential