Oestrogen receptors, receptor variants and oestrogen actions in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

摘要: Information on oestrogen action has grown exponentially in the past decade, and recent studies have begun to define mechanism of ligand-dependent activation cell-specific effects. Oestrogen-mediated gene transcription a specific tissue depends several factors, most important which is presence at least one two nuclear receptor (ER) isoforms, ERα ERβ. The levels ER isoform variants, along with coactivator, corepressor integrator proteins, directly modulate overall activity. structure ligand, including both physiological oestrogens synthetic modulators, influences interactions these other proteins thus determines biological response. Furthermore, peptide neurotransmitter-stimulated intracellular signalling pathways activate enzyme cascades may modify receptors their interacting resulting either independent or ligand-enhanced ER-mediated responses. Finally, rapid effects probably occur membrane through nongenomic that not require same are found nucleus. This review concentrates pituitary-hypothalamic axis genomic oestrogen, discusses current knowledge each factors determining actions neuroendocrine system.