Energy End-Use : Industry

摘要: The industrial sector accounts for about 30% of the global final energy use and 115 EJ in 2005. 1Cement, iron steel, chemicals, pulp paper aluminum are key intensive materials that account more than half use. There is a shift primary production with developing countries accounting majority capacity. China India have high growth rates like cement, fertilizers steel (12–20%/yr). In different economies demand seen to grow initially income then stabilize. For instance industrialized consumption seems saturate at 500 kg/capita 400–500 cement. The aggregate intensities sectors shown steady declines – due an improvement efficiency change structure output. As example EU-27 by industry has remained almost constant (13.4 EJ) 1990 levels. Structural changes explain reduction intensity remaining improvements. In adopting best achievable technology can result saving 10–30% below current average. An analysis cost cutting measures motors steam systems 2005 indicates savings potentials 2.2 3.3 steam. payback period these range from less 9 months 4 years. A systematic flows significant potential process integration, heat pumps cogeneration kraft, sulfite, dairy, chocolate, ammonia, vinyl chloride. An exergy (second law thermodynamics) reveals overall only 30%. It clear there major improvements possible through research development (R&D) next generation processes. A comparison management policies summary country experiences, program impacts Brazil, China, India, South Africa shows features successful policies. Energy International Organization Standardization (ISO) standards likely be effective facilitating end efficiency. The side facilitated combination mandated market strategies. A frozen scenario constructed 2030. This implies 225 involves increase output (in terms Manufacturing Value Added (MVA)) 95% over its value. Due normal Business as Usual results 175 EJ. possibilities systems, improvements, pinch, pumping been computed existing stock new industries. efficient 2030 17% the final (total (135 EJ)). total direct indirect carbon dioxide emissions 9.9 GtCO 2 . Assuming use, business usual (CO ) increasing 17.8 annually this reduces 11.6 Renewables 9% (10 2005). If aggressive renewables strategy resulting renewable supply 23% targeted (23 EJ), it greenhouse gas (GHG) sector (at levels) output. Several interventions will required achieve or GHG emission scenario. include capacity assessment motors, pinch analysis, sharing documentation practices, benchmarks roadmaps segments, access low interest finance etc. standard developed ISO companies. Its adoption enable industries systematically monitor track improvements. order level playing field paradigm focus on services not per se. requires re-orientation supply, distribution companies equipment manufacturing companies. Planning processes needs long term agenda strategic collaborations between industry, academic institutions governments.