Anal squamous cell carcinoma - State of the art management and future perspectives.

摘要: Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is associated with infection high-risk strains of human papilloma virus (HPV) in 70-90% cases and a rise incidence has been observed the last decades. Definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) using 5-fluorouracil mitomycin C constitutes standard treatment for localized disease, but about 30% patients do not respond or relapse locally. Phase I/II trials testing targeted agents, such as epidermal-growth-factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, have failed to improve clinical outcome resulted increased toxicities. Modern imaging methods biomarkers, also context HPV status, should be further explored patient stratification. In present review, we will discuss current evidence future perspectives management ASCC. HPV-positive ASCC more immunogenic higher density tumor infiltrating lymphocytes that correlate better response CRT favorable prognosis compared HPV-negative tumors. Immunotherapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors brought new hope promising results were recently demonstrated metastatic The addition immunotherapies disease tested early phase trials, these could profound impact on way treat near future. Further research novel approaches are expected enhance our understanding biology immunology, stratification adaptation personalized medicine.