Effects of metal exposures on juvenile clams, Mercenaria mercenaria.

摘要: Elevated metal concentrations occur throughout the coastal zone due to urbanization and various anthropogenic activities. The lethal (i.e. LC values based on acute toxicity) for many metals are available mollusc species in literature (Calabrese et al. 1973, Eisler 1977, Chung 1980, Harrison 1984, Ringwood 1990). However, short term exposure studies tests may not provide an adequate appreciation of potential chronic toxicity metals. toxicants required usually much higher than those typically observed polluted systems. - In part, this is a function fact that as important micronutrients co-factors (copper, zinc, nickel), whereas others always considered toxic (cadmium, lead). Regardless, at high enough concentrations, all toxic.