Non-hazardous pesticide concentrations in surface waters: An integrated approach simulating application thresholds and resulting farm income effects.

摘要: Pesticide application rates are high and increasing in upland agricultural systems Thailand producing vegetables, fruits ornamental crops, leading to the pollution of stream water with pesticide residues. The objective this study was determine maximum per hectare two widely used pesticides that would achieve non-hazardous concentrations evaluate how farm household incomes be affected if farmers complied these restricted rates. For purpose we perform an integrated modeling approach a hydrological solute transport model (the Soil Water Assessment Tool, SWAT) agent-based decision (Mathematical Programming-based Multi-Agent Systems, MPMAS). SWAT simulate fate behavior. calibrated 77 km(2) watershed northern Thailand. results show stay under pre-defined eco-toxicological threshold, current average chlorothalonil (0.80 kg/ha) cypermethrin (0.53 kg/ha) have reduced by 80% 99%, respectively. income effect such reductions simulated using MPMAS. suggest households thresholds then their reduce 17.3% case 38.3% cypermethrin. Less drastic effects can expected methods pest management were more available. novelty is combine models from distinctive disciplines reduction scenarios based on real-world data single site.