Energy Clusters as a New Urban Symbiosis Concept for Increasing Renewable Energy Production—A Case Study of Zakopane City

摘要: One of the priority lines action in Poland is to increase energy production from renewable sources (RESs). Based on “Poland’s national and climate plan for years 2021–2030”, aims achieve 21%–23% RES share gross final consumption by 2030. While coal still most important source energy, new technological organisational solutions increasing RESs are being tested implemented. Therefore, creation clusters based idea urban industrial symbiosis was first proposed Ministry Energy 2016. To date, there 66 different regions Poland, but only a few them active innovative. located city Zakopane, mountain resort, which attracts about 3 million tourists annually has developed wide-ranging use geothermal supply recreation. The paper analyse impact city’s development, including economic, social, environmental aspects. “willingness pay” (WTP) method used calculate air pollution Zakopane compare it with Polish average estimate significance transformation this tourist city. results studies as follows: health cost per capita between 252.07 921.30 euro. investigations presented can be basis recommendations strategic documents field regional development protection, especially promotion RESs.