Nocebo and pain: An overview of the psychoneurobiological mechanisms.

摘要: INTRODUCTION Nocebo effects are defined as adverse events related to negative expectations and learning processes that involved in the modulation of descending pain pathways. Research over last couple decades has illustrated behavioral, psychoneurobiological functional changes occur during nocebo-induced processing. OBJECTIVES We aimed review published human non-human research on algesia hyperalgesia resulting from nocebo effects. METHODS Herein, we searched comprehensively reviewed scientific literature providing informative knowledge about bases effect field with an emphasis how shaped by both cognitive non-cognitive factors. RESULTS Negative formed through verbal suggestions heightened pain, prior nociceptive painful experiences observation others. Susceptibility can be also influenced genetic variants, conscious nonconscious processes, personality traits psychological Moreover, providers' behaviors, environmental cues appearance medical devices induce dramatically influence perception processing a variety modalities patient populations. CONCLUSION Importantly, concluded studies outline individual may lead physiological underpinning central integration magnified signaling. Further is needed develop strategies identify nocebo-vulnerable patients order optimize psychosocial therapeutic context which clinical encounter occurs, ultimate purpose improving outcomes.