Insulins: Past, Present, and Future

摘要: This article highlights selected milestones in insulin discovery and its continued development as a pivotal therapy for diabetes. The last 90 years have witnessed tremendous progress therapy, from the initial crude, yet life-saving, animal extracts to novel human analogues. Although complete physiologic replacement of is inherently difficult achieve with open-loop subcutaneously administered insulin, improved injectable formulations superior pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics will enhance glucose control, represents important clinical advances treatment both type 1 2