Using distance sampling to estimate seasonal densities of desert mule deer in a semidesert grassland

摘要: t Wildlife managers need to be able assess density, distribution, and status of wildlife populations with reliable techniques. We used distance sampling from 971 point transects estimate density examine herd composition desert mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on the Buenos Aires National Refuge in southeastern Arizona during 4 seasons 1996. first conducted a pilot study refine survey design train observers. also evaluated our ability meet major assumptions (random placement points, objects points always detected, detected at initial location, distances measured accurately). Densities varied 0.9 (SE=0.3) deer/km 2 summer 2.5 (1.3) winter. Herd size 1.5 (0.1) deer/group 9.7 (2.0) Density females was greater than males (0.9 [0.3] 0.03 [0.04], respectively) for all combined. found that detecting not forcing move their location were interrelated function behavior how we approached points. Our measure accurately improved greatly by using test courses calibration throughout refuge. Important considerations include: 1 ) careful evaluation design; 2) establishment permanent time, which aids field operations analysis; 3) development use course observers, practice measuring distances, calibrate equipment; 4) standardized protocol maintain consistent data collection among observers over time; 5) incorporation thorough understanding target species' ecology into design.