摘要: This chapter reviews the current literature on supraspinal endogenous opioid systems and their functions in animal models humans. The various opioid-like peptide families receptors present a multiplicity of effects, with prominent, but not exclusive, effects pain regulation. They are distributed cortical subcortical regions involved sensory processing, as well higher order, integrative functions. Existing emerging data humans demonstrate involvement these neurotransmitters sensory, emotional cognitive overlap between
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