Efficacy of Management Practices to Mitigate the Off-Site Movement and Ecological Risk of Pesticides Transported with Runoff from Agricultural and Turf Systems

摘要: Pest management in both agricultural and non-agricultural settings uses established practices new technologies to control harmful nuisance pests. Pesticides are an important tool integrated pest management. Without pesticides a significant percentage of food fiber crops would be lost, infectious diseases increase, valuable native habitats devastated by invasive species. In 2000 2001, annual world pesticide usage exceeded 2.3 billion kilograms active ingredient (Kiely et al., 2004). The application targeted areas inevitably results the transport portion these chemicals their degradation products surrounding non-target areas. biologically compounds designed interfere with metabolic processes (Matsumura, 1985; Manahan, 1994). detection soil, water air (Hoffman 2000; Goel 2005; Harman-Fetcho Loague al, 2006; Lv 2010; Riederer Weber Hayward 2010), reported adverse effects organisms at environmentally relevant levels (Chandler 1991; Clark 1993; Margni 2002; Schulz, 2004) has invoked public concern. off-site soil runoff from agriculture is believed large contributor quality degradation. It estimated that 1 6% soil-applied may lost aquatic environments drainage fields (Wauchope, 1978; Bengston 1990). A number have been detected surface waters watersheds (Baker Richards, 1990; Thurman 1992; Goolsby & Battaglin, Johnson 1994) research demonstrated negative on ecosystems resulting nonpoint source (Scott Chandler Scott, Savitz Tomatoes one most economically vegetables grown United States average yields 1.6 8.9 for fresh market processing tomatoes, respectively, value nearly $2 (Davis 1998). cultivation method widely accepted vegetable growers use