Divergence and diversity: lessons from an arctic-alpine distribution (Pardosa saltuaria group, Lycosidae).

摘要: The relationship of interpopulation genetic divergence and within-population diversity has been studied for many temperate species in Europe, but not the cold-adapted fauna. Here we present first European-wide phylogeographical study an arctic-alpine distribution invertebrates, focusing on wolf spiders Pardosa saltuaria group. One hundred twenty-seven (127) specimens from 14 populations were examined. Within these distributed among six high mountain ranges Scandinavia. We sequenced whole 921 base pair mitochondrial (mt) ND1 gene. resulting 55 unique haplotypes form three monophyletic phylogroups deep divergence: a Pyrenean, Balkan 'northern' clade. Genetic distances (3.6-4.0%) between major clades indicate that range disjunction was initiated by vicariance events, which precede four Alpine glaciations. However, low incomplete lineage sorting within 'northern clade' suggest late Pleistocene separation Alpine, Scandinavian, Carpathian Sudetian populations. Thus, provide evidence multiglacial origin distributions i.e. current results fragmentation several glacial cycles. pattern seems predominantly determined historical factors, is modified contemporary aspects. Overall, are negatively correlated. values might result (i) ancient bottlenecking during warm interglacial periods, as seen Pyrenees Balkans; (ii) recent small modern areas, Giant Mountains Bohemian Forest; (iii) dispersal northern