Experimental Studies of Mesoscopic States

摘要: Mesoscopic states in crystals can be characterized by the phase variable, which is observable from condensates pinned intrinsic and extrinsic potentials. Condensates are primarily longitudinal one dimension, although showing transversal features as well practical crystals. Except for thermal mechanical measurements, such mesoscopic generally studied sampling experiments. Experiments therefore focused on their frequency dispersion pseudospin arrangement that vary with temperature \(T < {T_{\rm c}}\). Samplings performed using photons, neutrons, nuclear paramagnetic probes, constituting basic techniques contemporary physics of solid materials. These probes sample specific parts constituents selectively; photons sensitive to order variables, neutrons useful studying displacements heavy constituents, magnetic resonance yield information about local structural changes, all complementary. In this chapter, experiments X-ray diffraction, dielectric light neutron inelastic scatterings, spectroscopy outlined condensate studies relevant results substantiate theoretical arguments.