Caribou encounters with wolves increase near roads and trails: a time‐to‐event approach

摘要: Summary 1. Caribou and reindeer Rangifer tarandus are declining across North America Scandinavia in part from wolf Canis lupus-mediated apparent competition with more abundant ungulate prey species. While caribou generally persist areas low density, packs that overlap ranges could trigger declines. Moreover, anthropogenic linear features such as roads, trails seismic lines hypothesized to increase predation risk for caribou, yet few studies have examined the mechanistic effects of or spatial on wolf–caribou encounter rates risk. 2. We used (a) time-to-event models encounters estimated concurrent global positioning system (GPS) radio-collar data wolves (b) resource selection travel locations, determine potential influence overlap, features, elevation season rates. Analyses were based 35 adult female 37 male 11 Banff Jasper National Parks, Canada, 2002 until 2010. 3. Wolf–caribou increased high proximity lower elevations. Wolves strongly selected elevations, especially during winter spring. Selection routes elevation. 4. Caribou was highest summer autumn when spent most time at Most wolf-caused mortalities (n = 12) occurred spring summer. 5. Synthesis applications. The presence amount spend range be equally important density prioritizing recovery actions primary reductions re-introductions. use GPS locations modelling offers a powerful tool evaluating factors affecting threatened endangered