Dynamics and Economic Aspects of Climate Change

摘要: Climate change is the alteration of climate directly or indirectly caused by human activities that modify composition atmosphere. Greenhouse gases (GHG), particularly CO2, are accumulating in atmosphere, with consequent warming. Global mean temperature has risen since preindustrial times, most warming occurring last three decades. The consequence increasingly frequent extreme weather events. Though economists have often disagreed about economic aspects global warming, views as those Stern Review—that purports a major problem implying risks disaster and demanding use resources— common. idea development technological progress total GHG emissions at least per capita would decrease been discredited evidence link between increased activity greater emissions. In general, CO2 rates correlated annual increase world GDP (WGDP). Furthermore, atmospheric concentrations growth WGDP. Impacts strategies to mitigate them subjected integrated assessment models (IAMs), which involve many controversial aspects. For above 2 3 °C IAMs agree there will be reduction long-term social well-being negative impact suffered mostly low-income regions, but different strongly disagree on level human-induced damage, estimates ranging from less than 1% over 10% However, significant potentials for mitigation reductions now available. These larger if non-technical options (changes consumption lifestyles) also considered. Direct related agriculture mainly CH4 NO2. Indirect include large land change, when natural ecosystems transformed into cultivated land. sum direct indirect may represent annually 1⁄4 emissions, 3⁄4 agricultural coming countries. impacts decreased yields warmer environments, colder ones due longer growing season fertilization (that perhaps could offset ozone emissions), more insect outbreaks risk wildfires, crop water degradation. Mitigation measures focused soil carbon sequestration modifying practices intensive moving towards agroecology low-carbon needed. Permits trading implementation tax public debate policies reducing European Trading Scheme (ETS) implemented 2005 yielded very poor results, failing reduce market presently inactive, price almost zero. A discouraging “carbon-rich” commodities therefore promoting recycling, reusing innovation toward production “carbon-poor” commodities, only some timid steps implement such countries, strong opposition it