Male territoriality and mating system in the European beewolf Philanthus triangulum F. (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae): evidence for a “hotspot” lek polygyny

摘要: The evolution of the mating system a species is strongly influenced by spatial and temporal distribution females and/or resources. Here, we describe aspects territorial behavior males solitary digger wasp, European beewolf (Philanthus triangulum) characterize system. We show that establish small territories do not contain any resources essential to females. These are intensively scent-marked with pheromone from cephalic gland defended against intruders in combat flights. provide evidence scent-marking constitutes chemical display serves attract receptive and, thus, represents sex pheromone. Using statistics, clumped space both respect other male more importantly, female nesting sites. Additionally, proportion days territory occupied correlated number nests vicinity. Taking into account defend or females, but merely chemically for an aggregation close sites, conclude exhibits hotspot lek polygyny sites constituting “hotspots” formation.