摘要: Dose–response studies are useful in Phase II and III clinical trials to evaluate efficacy toxicity of a drug order determine its effective safe ranges. A zero dose is generally included as control against which higher doses compared. This naturally leads multiple comparisons. The ordered nature suggests the use stepwise test procedures. purpose this article give brief overview these In Section 11.2, we present step-down procedures for identifying minimum (MinED). These applied problem maximum (MaxSD) 11.3. Examples given 11.4 followed by some extensions 11.5. paper concludes with discussion 11.6.