Progress in palynology of the Gelasian–Calabrian Stages in Europe: Ten messages

摘要: Abstract Europe has at present the most extensive network of palynological sites covering Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene or roughly Gelasian–Calabrian Stages. This paper covers 10 points recent progress in palynology this time period: 1) contribution to truly global stratigraphy, 2) existence steps vegetation succession after a glacial period, 3) causes for disappearance from some taxa, 4) location types refugia, 5) low arboreal pollen representation times, 6) extent extreme conditions, 7) input long marine records short terrestrial ones, 8–9) cyclopalynostratigraphy wiggle matching dating duration estimations and, finally, 10) periods interglacial ones an obliquity-forced climate.