作者: Jason W. Marion , Cheonghoon Lee , Chang Soo Lee , Qiuhong Wang , Stanley Lemeshow
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0112029
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摘要: Background & Objective Recreational waters impacted by fecal contamination have been linked to gastrointestinal illness in swimmer populations. To date, few epidemiologic studies examine the risk for swimming-related illnesses based upon simultaneous exposure more than one microbial surrogate (e.g. culturable E. coli densities, genetic markers). We addressed this research gap investigating association between frequency and water quality determined from multiple bacterial viral markers. Methods Viral marker densities were beach samples collected over 23 weekend days quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). These data paired with previously human gathered as part of a cohort study carried out among users at East Fork Lake Ohio, USA 2009. Using unavailable logistic regression models, single- multi-marker/multi-water indicator approaches predicting evaluated associations swimming-associated illness. Results Data pertaining 8- or 9-day health outcomes available total 600 healthy susceptible swimmers, population we observed significant positive adenovirus (HAdV) diarrhea (odds ratio = 1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.3) well (OR 1.5; CI: 1.0–2.2) adjusting multivariable models. No markers observed. Conclusions This provides evidence that combined measure recreational simultaneously considers both particularly HAdV, may improve prediction disease single agent environment likely influenced nonpoint source contamination.